Root Causes of the Holocaust and Wwii

WWII and the final solution were two key events of the 20th century. all(prenominal) had their own make believes and historical factors leading up to their developwork forcet. While the two events occurred virtually to each other each developed independently and neither was cause for the other. Anti-Jewish prejudice has a long taradiddle and was present in Germany long before WWII. The German people elected the national socialist troupe and it was its grow to power that lead to WWII. The national socialist troupe had many other hostile policies that, while non as extremum as the Jewish policies, were remarkable and extreme in different way.The roots of WWII are based on the Nazi ships companys economic policies and not as a mask for genocide. Therefore WWII was not a cause of the Holocaust and it was not used as a mask for the Holocaust. Prejudice against Jews has existed from pre B. C. times by dint of the Holocaust to the present day. There are countless examples throughout narrative of Jewish persecution. One of the earliest references to other nationalities persecuting Jews is told in the Bibles Book of hegira. The Exodus of the Israelites (Jews) from Egypt is the theme described in the above-mentioned curb after the Egyptians treated them as slaves.In the First Crusade, 1096, communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. In the Second Crusade, 1147, the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were as well subjected to attacks by the Shepherds Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in, 1290, the put awayishing of all English Jews in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from Austria. These examples carry how throughout history Jews have been persecuted and discriminated against by various nations.Several European writers twisted Darwins hypothesis of Evolution to declare oneself there was a hierarchy of tracks with Jews at the bottom. In addition, misuse of the theory of evolution was an important factor in the extreme forms of racism, especially that against blacks and Jews, that flourished at the turn of the century and for many course of studys beyond. This inverted comma helps support the idea that The Theory of Evolution has been used in except extreme cases of racism and the Nazi party used this theory to demo that Jews are inferior.Jews have been portrayed as bullionlenders and manipulators of financial systems. In Shakespeares The merchant of Venice, the character Shylock is a Jew and seen as the villain of the story. To begin with the merchant of Venice, for most of the history of the reception of the play, Shylock has been seen as fundamentally an unresponsive character if not a villain. He is also often seen as a caricature of a grasping, vicious and resentful Jew. The debate is not most whether or not Shylock is notional, exactly really is about whether Shylock is b ad because he is a bad Jew or bad because he is simply a Jew.This quotation, as said by ibn Talal Hussein Ibish, proves that even Shakespeare was racist towards Jews. This is another historical example that the Nazis used to suggest that the Jews were the cause of the poor German scrimping. The Nazi party tapped into shared German feelings of the above points to rise in popularity with the voters. The Nazi party utilized the German peoples prejudices and worries to get democratically elected. Due to the Treaty of Versailles that finish WWI, Germany was sentenced to make payments to the victors.This crushed the German economy and do the people joyless and in search of someone who could bring them out of this mess. The Nazi party rose in popularity due to poor economic conditions and the peoples fear of the rise of the communist party given the mess that Russia was in due to communism. In December of 1928, Joseph Goebbels posted an essay to persuade the Germans not to buy goods fr om the Jews. The essay was called Deutsche, kauft nur bei Juden When translated, it means Germans Dont buy from the Jew He believed the Jews produced bad quality goods and would cheat you out of a good price. Because the Jew sells cheap, that shoddy merchandise, whereas the German sets a proper price for good merchandise. Because the Jew cheats you, whereas the German treats you fairly and honestly. Because you can buy all sorts of trash from the Jew, but the German sells mostly whole quality goods. The Nazi party promised a re etymon to the economic problem that was affecting all of Germany. In 1928 the Nazi party came in 2nd and by the 1932 election they won the majority of seats. The economy was still in crisis.In the election of July 1932, the Nazi Party won 37% of the Reichstag seats, thanks to a massive propaganda campaign. For the next six months, the most healthy German leaders were embroiled in a series of dreaded political maneuverings. Ultimately, these major player s severely underestimated Hitlers political abilities. It was the people of Germany that put Nazi party in power which caused them to take everyplace and become greedy with power. In January 1933 Hitler was appointed German Chancellor. In the March 1933 final election the fan tan votes to give Chancellor total power putting an end to the Catholic party.Later that year, President Hindenburg died and Hitler blended the two roles of President and Chancellor under the appellation of Der Fuhrer. The people had so much faith in the Nazi party that they allowed them to take complete control by democratic elections. The people voted in the Nazi party which allowed them to enact numerous extreme policies. The Nazi party also had many other oppressive policies at this time overly the anti-Jewish ones. The party promoted removing women from the workforce to help male employment rates and offered money to women to have kids more kids more money.The money came from taxing private men and chi ldless families heavily. On November 14, 1935 a law was passed banning German coupling to gypsies, negroes and people of mixed race (this would include jews). NOVEMBER 14, 1935? NUREMBERG LAW EXTENDED TO other GROUPS? The first supplemental decree of the Nuremberg Laws extends the prohibition on marriage or sexual relations amid people who could produce racially mistrust offspring. A week later, the minister of the interior interprets this to mean relations between those of German or related blood and Roma (Gypsies), blacks, or their offspring.This insurance policy displays how the Nazi party was not unspoiled racist towards Jews, but they viewed themselves as the dominant race above all others. Women were expected to have at least 4 children and if they did they received a medal every year on the birthday of Hitlers grandmother. The Nazi party also constrained teachers to follow revised textbooks. School lessons were based on Nazi ideas. maths problems involved calculations about bombing targeted countries such as Poland and killing invalids. Schools were single sex and girls were educated much differently.They studied no foreign languages and the only subjects they were taught related to cooking and childcare. By changing the textbooks for children in school is made Germans look good in history history has to show they are the superior race and make up for the fact that they lost WWI. The Nazi party also banned paddy field setback and Disney movies. The fate of Mickey Mouse under the Third Reich offers a bizarre insight into the relate of Nazi policies relating to the media and the control of ideas. Hitler ordered the Disney films featuring him and other cartoon characters to be banned.The Nazis incriminate Walt Disney himself of having Jewish ancestry and feared that his innocent-seeming cartoons threatened Germans with being infected by unenviable cultural influences. Even more striking is the interpretation that Mickey Mouse could be seen as positively symbolizing the Jewish outsider overcoming bereavement and that, Hitler loathed the portrayal of the mouse as clean and harmless since his propaganda machine was pore on representing Jews as dirty vermin. Walt Disney was thought to be a Jew and mice are vermin, like Jews.This goes to show how twisted the minds of the Nazi party really were to ban an innocent cartoon character because of what it could be morphed to stand for. It wasnt until 1941, intimately after the start of the war, that the Nazis decided to kill the Jews and began sending them to extermination camps in eastern European countries such as Poland. This was the Holocaust. This policy was created by Hitlers senior officers in the party (Himmler, Heydrich and Eichmann) and Hitler allowed it. This policy was not made overt and only after the war ended was the full extent of it discovered.The Nazi party also had extreme solutions for their economic issues. The attention of the Belgian, Czechoslovak, G reek , Jugoslav, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norwegian, Polish, Soviet, coupled Kingdom and United States Governments and also of the French National Committee has been d lancinate to numerous reports from Europe that the German authorities, not content with denying to persons of Jewish race in all the territories over which their barbarous rule has been extended, the most wide-eyed human rights, are now carrying into effect Hitlers oft-repeated intention to extinguish the Jewish people in Europe.This was the most extreme of the policies, but it was just another policy, not the idea intended from the start. The above policies show that the Nazis could entrust extreme solutions and this allow be shown in their economic solutions as well. The true(p) cause of WWII flows from the Nazi party solution to Germanys economic problems. The Nazi solution to shortages was to create a plan to acquire more land and raw materials. I today present the following as the new Four-Year Plan.In tetrad years Germany must be wholly independent of foreign areas in those materials which can be produced in any way through German ability, through our chemical and machine industry, as well as through our mining industry. The re-building of this great German raw material industry will serve to give employment to the masse. This quotation was a proclamation from Hitler proving that the Nazis was not just simply to take over. They were mainly focused on acquiring more raw materials. Germany deployed the strategy by taking over Austria, move of France and Czechoslovakia. He attached Austria to Germany in just few days, without the help of his army. In fact his generals were against an Austrian invasion. Italy was supposed to defend Austria they had a pact. Italy did not oppose not against Hitler. Britain and France continued to let Hitler expand more in hopes he would soon be satisfied, but their assumptions were wrong and he continued to expand. In an effort to avoid war, the leaders of several European countries met in Munich to talk about how to avoid war and establish a peaceful Europe.Hitler demanded parts of Czechoslovakia be absorbed into Germany, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agreed, giving Hitler a oaf of Czechoslovakia that was home to three million ethnic Germans. With these deal in place, Chamberlain believed he had satisfied the German war machine. Germany expanded into other countries while Britain and France unwisely allowed it. Germany invading Poland was eventually too much for Britain and France to handle so on September 3, 1939 they declared war. At 445 a. . , some 1. 5 million German troops invade Poland all along its 1,750-mile boundary with German-controlled territory. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. On September 3, they declared war on Germany, initiating founding War II. Germanys invasion per their economic policy pushed France and Britain too far and finally triggered the war. It was Germanys economic policy of expansions that triggered the war, nothing else.The above paragraphs of historical fact show that the war started before the Holocaust and its causes were independent of the causes of the Holocaust. We have seen how prejudice against Jews has built up over time and how the Nazi party took it to the extreme by starting a mass genocide in 1941 the Holocaust. We have also seen that the Nazi solution to Germanys economic problems relied on taking over countries to get resources and cheap labour, which eventually lead to the declaration of war in 1939. These were two independent paths.War was declared before the Holocaust and for reasons that had nothing to do with the Holocaust. The world didnt even know in 1939 about the savagery that was to come. This it is clear from historical fact that WWII was neither a cause of the Holocaust or a mask for it. 1 . Bible Gate Way, Exodus 18-14 http//www. biblega teway. com/passage/? search=Exodus+1&version=GNT 2 . Wikipedia, History of the Jews and the Crusades. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades 3 . Dr.Jerry Bergman, Darwinism, Evolution, and Racism. Bible Believers, http//www. biblebelievers. net/creationscience/kjcevol1. htm 4 . Hussein Ibish, anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice and The Jew of Malta, The Weblog of Hussein Ibish, http//ibishblog. com/blog/hibish/2009/12/05/anti_semitism_merchant_venice_and_jew_malta 5 . Joseph Goebbels, Germans, debase only from the Jews. Calvin College Minds In The Making. (Munich Zentralverlag der NSDAP. , 1935), pp. 331-333 http//www. calvin. edu/academic/cas/gpa/angrif10. htm 6 . The Florida

Ancient Egyptians

Table of Contents Thesis dictation 1 Time stream 2 Geography/Location 3 policy-making Characteristics5 Economy. 8 Religious Beliefs. 12 Social twist 15 Achievements/Accomplishments18 Decline of antique Egypt20 own(prenominal) Observations. 22 Bibliography 23 Thesis Statement Ancient Egypt has made incredible achievements at e genuinely last(predicate) fonts of a civilization.Over the socio- frugal strains, Ancient Egypt has had umpteen cultural accomplishments in subterfuge, architecture, and different philosophies which are still cherished today. Egypt is located in the northeast corner of Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean ocean to the north and the Red ocean to the east. Religiously speaking the past Egyptians are polytheistic and recollect in multiple deities or divinity fudges. They everywhereall believe that at that place are matinee idolly forces that rule the Earth and the afterlife. The old-fashioned Egyptians have gone through a long and interesting line of rulers.In our modern judgment of conviction flowing today, we can look back, learn and cherish the antediluvian Egyptians. Time firmness 3100 BC Hieroglyphics developed and King Menes united the Upper and Lower demesnes. 2700 BC Py doss downid building began, withal the beginning of the Old terra firma 2200 BC The collapse of the Sixth Dynasty and the Old Kingdom beginning of the Middle Kingdom 1700 BC Earliest evidence of diagnostic medicine in Egypt and impertinent invaders occupied the delta region the fall of the Middle Kingdom 1550 BC The wind of the New Kingdom 1503 BC Wo gentlemans gentleman ruler exercised all the rights of a pharaoh 1200 BC Ramses became the roughly spotful pharaoh 1100 BC The collapse of the New Kingdom 670 BC The Assyrians attacked Egypt 525 BC The Persians conquered Egypt 330 BC cruddy lovage the Great conquered Egypt 30 BC The Romans conquered Egypt The quaint Egyptians went through many turning points from the Old, M iddle, and New Kingdoms. The close historic events were when the Egyptians were getting invaded and maken oer by many different pot, including the Persians, Alexander the Great and his men, and for the longest period of time, The Romans.During these times ancient Egypt was stripped fine-tune from some of their freedoms and traditions and also some cultural diffusion was forced upon them. 2 Geography/Location As you read in the Thesis Statement, Egypt is located in the northeastern corner of Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean sea to the north and the Red Sea to the east. The Egyptians nearly-nigh important natural re character referencefulness was the Nile River, which flows from the Mediterranean Sea. They believed that they were blessed by the Nile and believed that the river was a gift from the Gods. The ancient Egyptians geographically ivided their soil into two types, the black land and the red land. The black land was considered the fertile land on the banks of th e Nile. Ancient Egyptians utilize this land for growing crops. This was the that land in Egypt that could be farmed because a mold of fatty, black silt was spread on the land e very(prenominal) year after the Nile flooded. The red land was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts 3 protected ancient Egypt from nearby countries and trespassing(a) armies. They also provided the ancient Egyptians with a source for different kinds of metals and stones.Egypts propinquity to the Nile River enabled the Egyptians the trade, farm, make clothing, and ultimately use the river to its fullest. The ancient Egyptians use to sing a hymn of praise to the Nile for nourishing their land, these are the lyrics If the Nile smiles, the Earth is joyous, Every domiciliate is full of rejoicing, Every spine is happy, Every jawbone crushes its regimen. 4 Political Characteristics The Ancient Egyptian Government was dominated by a single man, the Pharaoh. The Egyptians believed that the ruler was more a man, but that he was a deity.This gave the Pharaoh absolute control over affairs of the pudding stone and its people. Ancient Egypt was also considered as a theocracy, which was controlled by the clergy. The Pharaohs advisors and ministers were almost all priests, who were considered the only ones worthy and able to carry out the god-kings commands. In most of the religious ancient societies, priest has a especial(a) status preceding(prenominal) the rest of the citizens. The governmental officials included the prime minister, the chief treasurer, the tax collector, the minister of public works, and the army commander.These officials were directly responsible to the Pharaoh. The land itself was divided up into provinces called nomes. Each nome had a governor, and was appointed by the Pharaoh, and responsible to the prime minister. Taxes were salaried in intelligents and ride. Citizens were drafted into the army and forced labor for periods of time to p ay the labor tax. Slaves, mercenaries, and draftees were often used in the army. It is believed, 5 however, that Egyptian slaves were non used to construct sacred monuments, much(prenominal) as the Pyramids.Egyptologist were led to this conclusion by recent finding of worker burial grounds near such monuments. The workers trustworthy proper Egyptian burials, where as slaves did not. The studyity of Egyptian people were idylls who worked he land on the fertile Nile flood basin. These people had no voice in the government, and accepted the fact because it was backed by their godliness. This aspect of the Egyptians religion sponsored keep Egypt so powerful and alter during its high points. One of the most powerful rulers of ancient Egypt was the mighty Ramses II.Ramses was very ambitious and looked to expand the Egyptian empire northward as far as Syria. He constructed many temples and monuments and boasted of his conquest. In a battle against the Hittites, Ramses had great bravery and prevented himself from a crushing defeat. Ramses was considerably view and went in taradiddle for his achievements. His tomb is located in the Valley of the Kings, and his mummy is thought to be one of the most best-preserved mummies ever found. 6 Another greatly respected pharaoh of Egypt was King Menes.Menes was actually known as the beginning true draw of Egypt. He accomplished much, including the unification of the Upper and Lower Kingdoms of early Egypt. afterwards Menes united the Kingdoms the Egyptian monarchy lasted in a recognizable form for over three k years. 7 Economy There were many aspects to the Ancient Egyptian economy. The Egyptians traded, educated, and farmed. The Egyptians had a large range of resources at their disposal alter from food and cloth, to metals and gems. Some of Egypts agricultural products were element, vegetables, fruit, fish, attle, goats, pigs and fowl which were the primary food resources and flax was also grown to be spun in to linen. A large proportion of grain was used for beer production. In ancient Egypt there was a good material body of metals, but only a small number were used including copper, bronze, and iron. Gems for the hurrying elucidatees and the pharaoh and much stone were used for the construction of temples and of course the pyramids. The majority of the universe more than nine tenths lived on the land in mostly colony 8 communities.The land they worked in belonged in theory to the gods and in particularly the gods Osiris and Horus and his earthly incarnation or avatar, the pharaoh. The ancient Egyptian economic governance was called a command economy. Administrators, priests, traders, and craftsmen lived mostly in the cities along the Nile. Some of the most commercial cities or capitals of ancient Egypt were Zawiyet el-Mayitin, Abydos, Naqada, el-Kula, Edfu, Seila and the island of Elephantine in the Nile River at modern Aswan. These provincial capitals were popular religious and economic centers component the surrounding countryside.In ancient Egypt, a major part of the taxes oblige on the 9 people were used to keep the society hurry smoothly. Grain was one of the most taxed resources as it could be stored relatively short and was very vital in years of bad harvests. Three thousand years of development pointed out just how effective this economy was. With the help from transportation by the Nile River, the Egyptians sold their products sold on the market. The Egyptians set up trade routes to reach distant countries.They often visited the countries along the Mediterranean Sea and the near the Upper Nile River because they were immediately adjacent to Egypt and contained materials that the Egyptians desired. These visited countries included Cyprus, Crete, Greece, Syro-Palestine, Punt, and Nubia. Some of the items that the Egyptians would nonplus back to Egypt would be leopard skins, giraffe tails, monkeys, cattle, ivory, ostrich feathers/eggs, and gold. When the Egyptians visited Punt, there a major source for incense, also Syro-Palestine provided ceder, oils, unguents, and horses.Horses were originally used in 10 ancient Egypt, and hence the domesticated camel was introduced at around 500 BC. The economy in ancient Egypt was overall mainly very stable and structured over the years. 11 Religious Beliefs Religion was very important to the Ancient Egyptians. Their religion was strongly influenced by tradition, which caused them to resist change. Egyptians did not question the beliefs which had been handed complicate to them they did not desire change in their society.Their main aim end-to-end their history was to emulate the conditions which they believed had existed at the dawn of creation. The Egyptians were polytheistic people that believed in multiple gods/deities. The god symboliseed various forces of nature, thought patterns and power, and expressed by the means of complex and varied archetypes. These deities were worshippe d with offerings and prayers in local domicile shrines, as well as in formal temples managed by priests. diverse gods were prominent at different periods of Egyptian history, and the myths associated with them hanged over time, so Egypt never had a coherent 12 hierarchy of deities or a integrated mythology. The religion of the Egyptians, however, contained many overarching beliefs. Among these were the divinity of the pharaoh, which helped to politically unify the country, and the complex beliefs around an afterlife, which gave the Egyptians elaborate burial customs concluding the process of mummification. Ancient Egyptians had many deities, here are some examples of the most important and famous ones.. Amun The Egyptians believed that this god created himself in the beginning of time.They also believed him to be the father of the pharaohs. This god looks alike(p) a man with a beard, feathered crown, and shown as a ram or a ram-headed man. His name means the hidden one. Geb G eb was a whiskered god with a goose on his head. He was known as the healer and provider of crops. The Egyptians believed that when that Geb laughed thats what caused the earthquakes. Egyptians had feared he might imprison the dead. 13 Mut Mut is Egyptian goddess, also known as the mother of all lifetime things. Her hieroglyphic symbol is the predator. She is a woman wearing a vulture headdress sometimes.She also sometimes wears a double crown to represent lower and upper Egypt. Osiris Orsiris was a strong element in Egyptian mythology. He was one of the five children born from the god of earth and the goddess of skies. He was inherirted to the throne of Egypt. Ra The God Ra is the Egyptian god of the sun, light, heat, and the positive judge. Also he was known as Re- Horakhty, which means Horus of the Horizon. A god with a sun disk around his head, he is worshipped all along Egypt. Egyptians believed he created the world, and the emanation sun is the symbol of creation. The sun rising and setting meant renewal.He is ultimately known as the master of life. 14 Social Structure In the ancient times of Egypt the top of the societal importance was the pharaoh, then the government officials such as the nobles priests, next were the soldiers, then scribes, merchants, artisans, farmers, and lastly slaves/ servants. The pyramid has been used as a visual metaphor to describe the companionable structures of ancient Egypt. The position of an individual in the social pyramid was determined by birth circumstances such as class, gender, race, and the relationship among social groups were determined by their occupations.Ancient Egypt was ruled by a very small rich upper class who enjoyed power and wealth while the large masses of Egyptian workers and peasants pushs to subsist. The ruling class depending on a social system of administrators, who organized the work force, managed resourced and taxed the overabundance production. For their services, these government officials received favors and could rise to the highest ranks in the administration. 15 The upper class of Egypt despised the lower classes as inferiors, and many instances of abuse were committed, but peasant and farmers were not slaves.They had property rights and servants could inherit their masters possessions when is they died without children. Other members of the working(a) class, artisans, were their own masters. They owned property and land, and could freely buy and sell their products in the market. Education in ancient Egypt was not very advanced. At a young age children were mainly taught by their parents. Most parents would try to contribute in their kids various educational principles, moral attitudes, and views of life from a hearty age. For girls, they would always stay with their mothers.Very few life storys were open to most women. composition most woman trained for motherhood and how to be a good wife, some girls could train to be dancers, entertainers, weav ers, or bakers. Only the daughters of wealthy nobles received an education in reading or writing. The boys were mainly raised by their fathers. Son usually followed the same trade that their fathers practices. Some of the boys at this time be a general village school while others attended a school 16 designed for a specific career such as a priest or a noble.Schools taught writing, reading, math, and sports as well as morals and manors. At the age of fourteen, the sons of farmers or craftsmen linked their dads in their profession. Those children whose parents had higher status careers continued their education at special school usually attached to temples or government centers. The educational experiences in ancient Egypt had both similarities and differences compared to the present education in the U. S. A. It was similar because most parents like in ancient Egypt teach their kids moral values and educational principles. Unlike Egypt, inAmerica it is a law that all American child ren must go to school and get an education. The selective school in Egypt taught similar subjects to the children, but it America present time , there is a lot more variety and opportunities for the future. 17 Achievements/Accomplishments There were many achievements of the ancient Egyptians including the quarrying, surveying and constructional techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temple, and obelisks. They also established a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques.They had the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known stop treaty. Egypt truly left a lasting legacy. Their art and architecture were widely copied, and sent around the world today. Egypts monumental ruins have exalt the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. In the mathematical area, Egyptians used a numbering system establish on ten. They used vertical tally marks to represent the numbers game one through nine, then they used symbols for larger numbers.For example, a frank stood for 10, a crook was 100, a flower was 1000, a finger was a 10,000, and a tadpole represented 100,000. 18 In the science department, the Egyptians believed that Thoth, in the form of an ibis, was the inventor of astrology and mathematics, he was known as the god of wisdom and magic. The Egyptians had many outstanding cultural achievements concluding mainly art and architecture. The Egyptian art was highly symbolic and a painting or sculpture was not meant to be a record of as the result of subtle changes, not as altered conception of arts or its role in society.The pyramids of Egypt are the most famous and mind-blowing structures reinforced by the Egyptians. The Egyptian also had some literature mostly indite on papyrus, also contains elements of art. The writings included hymns to the gods, mythological and magical texts, and dead room texts. 19 Decline Egypt was once one of the most powerful civilizations on the planet. The decline of Egypt started at around 1000 BC when there was struggle for power by priests and nobles and the country started to spilt up. Rich people wanted to take over Egypt and hired men to conquer certain areas of Egypt.As there was a struggle for power, enemies from other countries invaded Egypt. The Cushites ruled Egypt from about(predicate) 767 BC until they were foiled by the Assyrians in 671 BC and then Egypt took back their country in 525 BC. In 343 BC, the Persians took over Egypt as a part of their conquest. Later, a man named Alexander the Great conquered most of Europe and Africa including Egypt. Alexander became the Pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire and he was loved by the Egyptian people. He was committed to the well being of people so he chose not to change their ways. afterward Alexander died, his generals each ruled areas he conquered, this period of Alexander lasted for 20 300 years until the Romans took it over. The Romans ruled Egypt for seven centuries, Egypt was a great source of wealth to the Romans. The Romans brought Christianity to Egypt. The Roman period of Egypt was peaceful even though the ancient religion of Egypt was taken over by the fast spread of Christianity. The period of ancient Egypt lasted from 3000 BC 639 AD, was at the end when Arabs brought the religion of Islam to Egypt.The fall of this rich civilization is probably one of the most interesting parts, in not just Egyptian history, but ancient history in general, since Egypt was the most powerful civilization in the world at the time. 21 Personal Observations I truly think Egypt is one of the most amazing ancient civilizations of all time. I choose Egypt for my enquiry paper because I believe that they have so much unique culture and mind-blowing accomplishments. From this research paper I have learned many new things about ancient Egypt that I never knew before.I thou ght that all the monuments and pyramids were very impressive. Also the architectural design of the Egyptians is truly creative and inspiring. I fancy that people in our modern time can learn how to appreciate the integrity of the Egyptians, and hopefully by reading this research paper it well help. 22 Bibliography Books The school textbook of world history, Egyptian art by Cryril Aldred, Egypt by DK Publishing Websites www. wsu. edu, www. ancientegypt. co. uk, www. kingtutone. com, www. reshafim, www. ancient-egypt. org 23

The Free Soil Party

Buchanan30. In 1848, the Free Soil fellowship platform advocated whole of the following except A free g everyplacenment homesteads for settlers. B internal improvements. C an end to thr either in the District of Columbia. D support of the Wilmot Proviso. E opposition to bondage in the territories. 31. correspond to the principle of popular s everyplaceeignty, the question of thralldom in the territories would be unflinching by A the most popular national leaders. B a Supreme courtyard decision. C congressional legislation. D the vote of the people in any go outn territory. E a national referendum. 2. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential preference was A expansion. B personalities. C Indian removal. D slavery.E the economy. 33. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because A of moral principles. B it damaged the national economy. C of the legal injury it did to blacks. D it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment. E it was the only way they had of combating the cost of the Democratic party. 34. Harriet Tubman gained fame A as an African-American antislavery novelist. B in the gold fields of California. C by urging white women to oppose slavery. D as an advocate of the temporary slave Law. E by helping slaves to escape to Canada. 35. Daniel Websters famed Seventh of edge speech in 1850 endinged in A a shift toward compromise in the northmost. B Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law. C a movement to draft him for the presidency. D condemnation by blue commercial interests. E charges of accepting bribes. 36. In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northerly Young Guard, argued that A can C.Calhouns compromise plan must be adopted to preserve the Union. B Christian legislators must obey Gods moral law. C the Constitution must be obeyed. D compromise must be achieved to preserve the Union. E African-Americans should be granted their own territory. 37. In th e Compromise of 1850, coitus determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was A to be firm by popular sovereignty. B to be banned. C protected by federal law.D to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood. E to be unconquerable by the Mormon Church. 38. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the following provisions except A denial of fleeing slaves right to testify on their own behalf. B denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves. C a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways. D the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada. E the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape. 39. The preference of 1852 was significant because it A adage the rise of purely national parties. B saw the victory of a pro-South northerner. C marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning. D saw the emergence of an antislavery third party. E marked the end of the Whig party. 40. The prime objective o f unpatterned indispensableness in the 1850s was A Nicaragua. B Panama. C Hawaii. D Cuba. E the Dominican Republic. 41. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was A Nicaragua. B Panama. C Hawaii.D Cuba. E the Dominican Republic. 42. Stephen A. Douglass plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the A Northwest Ordinance. B Missouri Compromise. C Compromise of 1850. D Fugitive Slave Act. E Wilmot Proviso. 43. One of Stephen Douglass mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was A allowing slavery to rotate into new territory. B underestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery. C believing that slavery could not survive in Kansas. D overestimating the protest to the bill. E not securing the transcontinental railway system for the North. 44. The clash between Preston S. Brooks and Charles Sumner revealed A the division between the House and the Senate over slavery. B the fact that, despite divi sions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct. C the seriousness of semipolitical divisions in the North. D the fact that passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South. E the importance of honor to northerners. 45. summate each candidate in the 1856 election below with the correct party. ___ A. John C. Fremont ___ B. Millard Fillmore ___ C. Martin Van Buren ___ D. James Buchanan 1. Democratic 2. republican 3. Know-Nothing A A-2, B-3, D-1 B A-3, C-1, D-2 C A-1, B-3, C-2 D B-1, C-2, D-3 E A-2, B-3, C-1 46. In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court A held that slaveowners could not take slaves into free territories.B expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories. C hoped to stimulate further debate on the slavery issue. D back up the concept of popular sovereignty. E reunited the Democratic party. 47. The political career of Abraham Lincoln could dress hat b e described as A marred by early political opportunism. B hurt by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. C hurt by his marriage. D characterized by a speedy rise to power. E slow to get off the ground. 48. As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, A Lincolns national stature was diminished. B Lincoln was elected to the Senate. C Douglas discomfited Lincoln for the Senate. D Illinois rejected the concept of popular sovereignty.E Douglas increased his chances of winning the presidency. 49. Match each presidential candidate in the 1860 election below with his partys position on the slavery question. ___ A. Abraham Lincoln ___ B. Stephen Douglas ___ C. John Breckenridge ___ D. John Bell 1. xtend slavery into the territories 2. ban slavery from the territories 3. preserve the Union by compromise 4. enforce popular sovereignty A A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 B A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 C A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 D A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 E A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 50. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina A waited to see how other southern states would act. B vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas. C were very upset because they would have to secede from the Union. D rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede. E none of these.

Organic & Processed foods: What’s Better Essay

There ar a passel of differences and similarities with extreme and neat aliments. Im sure when ein truthone was a kid they could eat whatever they wanted and didnt worry ab knocked out(p) what it did to their body. I remember when I was younger I would cook a unhurt Tostitos pizza pie and consume the whole liaison myself in under five minutes. I wouldnt gain a pound and that same night I would stool two big mackintoshs ( top when there was a big mac Monday) and sit on my butt playing video games. Its non standardised I didnt call for the exercise. I played whole(a) sorts of little league sports including baseb altogether and soccer.You whitethorn think of I was pen an essay on the effects of metabolism but Im more(prenominal) interested in finding out what the words radical and graceful fares really mean. What kind of chemicals are in them and what the huge choke is about. I think this is an important topic to write about beca physical exertion to the highest d egree the great unwashed dupet know what the difference is. What get hold ofs a nutrient organic? What happens to the ingredients when converting it into a attain nutrient for thought? I think if you find more about this issue tidy sum would choose to spicy healthier and know how easy it is to alter their diet. radical victuals has gone back in history ever since the first person decided to calculate and seed, plant it, and consequently eat what the plant arised. This is known as state if you were confused. Over the years dry land has evolved from types of fertilizer used, machinery, tools, equipment and even living organisms. Machines tail end ingathering a field of crops in one hour where a light speed years ago it would have taken a full day. Processed intellectual nourishments are more close to our time. In the 1920s, women were growing weary of preparing fodders from scratch, and ready-to-cook victualss were fitting more avail able.World War I brought about new methods of food motioning, including coffin nailned and frozen foods. When World War II hit by the 1940s people needed a focusing to ration the food for the soldiers. subsequently the war, m all new convenience foods were introduced like dehydrated juice, instant coffee, and legal community mix. Farmers used fertilization and irrigation to increase crop yields, decreasing the vitamins and minerals in those plants. establishment subsidies for corn and soy led to a food industry with a financial incentive to use high fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated oils, limited corn starches to produce lots of highly proveful (and un salutary) foods.The U. S. issued guidelines for adding iron, vitamin B, thiamine and lactoflavin to bread and separate grain products to offset nutrient deficiencies. With all of the changes that were termination on in the food industry there was always psyche trying to tighten the noose by the power of democracy. Soon farmers were existence rep laced by machines and factories. Fast food corporations were growing more and more and farms were depleting little ein truth day. As I researched into the major debating controversy I aim that some people would sustain that the organic foods are healthier to consume.The organic industry has sky rocketed in the last couple years because of the messages that was displace out saying organic farming is safer and healthier for the environment. But is it truly healthier for you in the long run? Other consumers argue that organic farming can be dangerous and unsafe to digest imputable to the invisible toxins and pesticide lay down in organic produce could even be as dangerous as synthetic chemicals. Most people would agree that switching from a bear on food nation to an organic food country would be best. But its easier said than done. innate foods and neat foods are several(predicate) in a lot of ways. Processed foods select more bad chemicals and bad fat per calorie than any other(a) congenital food. You can determine whether a food is impact by looking at the ingredient list. The longer the ingredient list, the more bear on a food is apt(predicate) to be. Processed foods are ordinarily found in the center aisles of the grocery store and are more likely to contain ingredients that you are non able to recognize. organic foods are foods that dont have any slanderous fertilizers, pesticides or sewage.Animals that produce meats, poultry, or eggs and dont use any kind of steroids in the process are considered organic. There are a lot of contrastive sides to both of these categories. Most critics who agree with organic foods are humanitarians who debate in renewable resources and not using exotic chemicals that may be harmful to the environment. Also in this case it helps with how the animals are being treated. For example, in a processed factory for animals the cows are caged in tight corners and force to eat so they are cost more.When animals ar e raised by farmers, they have the freedom of a decent sized field and their spread out go forth decompose and fertile the land. On the other hand processed food critics have done research that shows processed food saves on money and adverts the demand of the growing population of consumers. The entirely way to meet this demand is by using steroids and food enhancers/substitutes. People buy processed foods because they have a longer expiration date and you can stay them. It takes time to prepare a meal from organic foods.Processed foods can be made easily by adding water, boiling, frying or if youre an American like me, microwaving. Plus processed foods are typically cheaper, you pop more bang for your buck. What is organic food? The term organic refers to the way agricultural products are grown and processed. Specific requirements must be met and retained in order for products to be labeled as organic. constitutive(a) crops must be grown in safe soil, have no modifications, and must remain separate from conventional products.Farmers are not allowed to use synthetic pesticides, bioengineered genes (GMOs), petroleum-based fertilizers, and sewage sludge-based fertilizers. Some organic foods contain more vitamins than processed foods, according to ingrained Facts. For example, organic milk contains more vitamins than non-organic milk. Organic milk is believed to be of better quality because the cows that produce it eat a better diet, which includes grazing for large parts of the day. Organic fruits and ve contributeables in any case play to contain more vitamins than processed ones, according to nutritionist Shane Heaton.Not only do many organic foods contain more vitamins than processed foods, they also contain more antioxidants, according to Organic Facts. A University of California Davis national found that organically-raised tomatoes had higher concentrations of the antioxidants quercetin and kaempferol, both of which may protect the body against genuine diseases by helping promote cell health. The researchers at the University of California Davis believe that organic foods contain more antioxidants because plants create antioxidants in order to carry themselves from plant-eating insects.Conventionally raised plants do not need to produce as many antioxidants because any plant-eating insects that might prey on them are controlled with insecticide. Because organic foods must be raised and processed without insecticides, herbicides or similar chemicals, the finished product available in the store usually contains fewer of these chemicals than processed foods, according to Heaton. Although many pesticide residues may be harmless to humans, people who are sensitive to others may experience symptoms that can be alleviated by reducing the amount of conventionally processed food in the diet.Farmers also use a cycling method when farming so they can reduce the amount of bugs and pesticides. They pass on plant different crops in each cycle so that they do not get the same pesticides returning. Organic farming is designed to protect the environment. By removing chemicals and other artificial farming methods from the equation, you save soil and water and reduce pollution. Organic farmers also use more humane methods of producing their meat, eggs and other animal products. For those concerned with the environment or the treatment of the animals they eat, the peace of mind is worth the extra cost.With all of the technical that comes from organic food what could possibly be some negative things about eating organic foods and why does everyone think that processed foods are so bad? Because organic farmers do not use artificial means to produce their products, they tend to produce less. Organic farming is also more expensive than conventional farming, as can be seen with the cost of using a chemical weed slayer versus the manpower required to manually pull weeds and rotate crops, for example. The junto of lower production rates with higher overhead makes organic products more expensive.One can also argue on the fact that it may be more environmentally friendly if you drive the shorter distance such(prenominal) as 50 miles to your local farmer to purchase food quite purchasing the organic food that has traveled over 1500 miles to get to you. Organic food can sometimes be limited to people, especially if you live in more country-style areas. The intimately important issue that seems to affect all of America is the simple fact that because organic food is harder to process and is more time consuming to grow there is a shortage of it. Organic food does not come in huge quantities like other food does.So because of organic food being in high demand from grocery stores and other consumers the prices are extremely high. That indeed means there are a high percentage of people in our society that cannot fall in to eat organic food, to me that is just reminding psyche that they are basically poor. So what if they want to eat healthy as well? We are just going to say dandy-for-naught you are out of luck because you cant afford it? close lets talk about processed food. What is processed food? Processed foods have been altered from their natural state, either for safety grounds or for convenience.The methods used include canning, freezing, refrigeration, dehydration and aseptic processing. Processed foods are very convenient for the society because they can usually be prepared very quickly and allow minimal time and energy. By processing food we can also preserve food so that it will have longer shelf life, allow us to lower prices, and get food to more cracker-barrel areas. When we process food we are putting preservatives into them so that they will last longer which allows stores and consumers to sell them longer without them spoiling.By allowing the foods to not spoil as quickly as others the stores can lower the prices which allows everyone of all social classes to be able to buy the foods. Another huge reason that processed foods is very ideal for our society is the fact that we are able to get the food to more rural areas. When we transfer organic foods to rural areas it ends up costing more because to get it there before the food would spoil would cost an extreme amount of money which then makes the prices of food go up.By being able to preserve the food so that its expiration date is longer we can get the food to rural areas in more effective ways that allows the environment to be safer and cleaner, then also reducing the prices in which more people can afford the food. We tend to think of processed food as bad, like roughly high-fat, high-calorie snack foods or even those prepackaged meals you fix in a skillet, but it turns out that some of these foods are not bad for your health at all. For example, milk would be considered a processed food because its pasteurized to kill bacteria and homogenized to keep fats from separating.Some peo ple prefer raw milk, but it can lead to lead to food-borne illness, so most of us are happy to consume the healthy processed milk we find in our grocery stores. Freezing vegs preserves most vitamins and minerals and makes them convenient to store, cook and eat all year around. Fruit and vegetable juice is also an example of a healthy processed food usually. In fact, some orange juice is fortified with calcium to make it even more nutritious. Oatmeal, unbreaded frozen fish fillets, canned salmon, frozen berries and 100-percent whole grain bread are also examples of processed foods that are good for you.Sure, there are a lot of processed foods that arent good for you. Many of these bad ones are made with trans-fats, saturated fats, and large amounts of atomic number 11 and sugar. These processed foods should be avoided, or at least eaten sparingly. Processed foods are also more appealing to the eye and because of food additives they can taste even better. Basically the biggest down side to processed foods is one will lose a few nutrients. After researching these two topics I understood what the communal concord was and the controversy that surrounded it. But I needed to find out what else needed to be further questioned.There wasnt a lot of information surrounding what affects it would have on the grocery stores. The prices that were listed on a trusted source showed that the organic food was often priced higher than any processed food items, usually forty to fifty percent more. This is because it takes a lot of steps to grow and distribute organic foods, here are some of the steps it takes to successfully distribute the produce. Prepare the field and mighty fertile the land after the previous plants have been harvested, this process is what takes most of majority.They have to buy the seed themselves and base off what they want to barter the crop for to turn around for some profit. They also have to put in the man hours and distribution cost. As you can see it takes a lot of time to complete this process rather growing and distributing it all in one location like how the processed food organizations do it. As I was saying I would like to see what the quantity cost was on organic food verses processed food, maybe from a big corporation like Wal-Mart to compare the differences.One other thing that I think should be a little more cover is the shelf life on an organic and non-organic food item. Because non-organic food has preservatives in them they can last a lot longer. In this case you would have to make less trips to the store and save money on gas, it will also help with the environment. But would it be worth it in the end. Organic foods can go bad very quickly but it inescapably to be broken down to a science. How much longer will a processed mango last than organic mango. After the test has concluded customers will have more knowledge of what to buy accordingly. amidst organic and processed foods organic foods may have more natu ral nutrients when eaten. But you can get just as good nutrients from processed foods. It really boils down to what one chooses to eat and what they prefer. There are choice ways to getting all nutrients one needs for their body without having to soften a high price if you cant afford it. take down if you eat organic foods that doesnt mean someone will not indulge on the fatty foods such as ice cream, white potato vine chips, etc. It comes down to what one will eat whether it is processed or organic.

The Act of Manipulation Is to Control or Influence Someone

The actuate of usage is to control or influence someone or a situation. Throughout all of history there are many examples of manipulation enacted by a person in higher position. George Orwell captures the act of organisation manipulation in his literary work Nineteen Eighty-Four. The predominant sign of manipulation in Nineteen Eighty-Four is psychological. The brass uses persuade, revere of thought, and maintenance of the party to control the psychological state of society. George Orwell demonstrated the technique of brainwashing demonstrated throughout the whole novel.George Orwell introduces the reader to the idea of brainwashing when devil Minutes of despise, a daily two-minute period is aired on biggish telescreens throughout the city and in every home. Two Minutes of Hate a strategy for brainwashing used by the party, presents the partys greatest enemy. A terrible sound accompanies Goldsteins image in order to trigger peoples feelings of frustration, and therefore sig ht of Goldstein becomes infix in the brain associating the two senses with a negative concept, therefore allowing the government to control societies psychological feelings.Another example of brainwashing is evident when the party forces Winston, the master(prenominal) character, to face his fear of rats. Rats are used to intensify Winstons fear forcing him to a point of breaking his spirit of independence. Winston surrenders and lets go of all his personalised emotion. George Orwell explains how the use of brainwashing by the government has allowed them to convince society that 2+2=5. Government can psychologically control society by brainwashing the people.

Macbook Consumer Behaviour Analysis

Business 4274F Consumer Behaviour Individual Assignment Oct, 26, 2012 General Information mackintoshBook institutionalise is a series of laptop created by orchard apple tree Inc. which makes the fruit exalted and remarkable due to its ultraportability and thinness and elegant style. It was originally introduced and released in Jan 29, 2008 by Steve Jobs, the previous CEO of orchard apple tree Inc. The company typi keyy releases new models for this series annually. The just about recent release was in Jun 11, 2012, which has two models, one has an 11 screen, and the other gets a 13 screen.The series of mackintoshBook Air has been real palmy since its inception. Its success is not only reflected in the vast profit it make for Apple, but in any case in the consumption it gives to the whole PC manufacturing commercialize to make ultraportable and elegant-style laptop which can also counterweight performance. Hardware The most of the essence(p) factor which makes the MacBook A ir so successful, in my opinion, is the great balance of portability and power of the produce.The laptop features a unibody design which makes possible to significantly thin out thickness and weight, and also it integrates with the latest CPU of Intel (3rh generation Core i5 and i7), and SSD (Solid convey Drive) to give more power and capability to use. The design is another factor. The machined atomic number 13 casing and backlit keyboard make it look elegant and handsome. This design also delivers inspiration to the PC manufacturer. Many PC manufacturers copied the design and used it to re-design their own laptop, and they call them Ultrabook, which is targeted the same consumers and market as the MacBook Air.Software Compared with the hardware, the software is a more opulent component of the product. MacBook Air, as well(p) as other Mac series, is apply the Macintosh governance (also called OS X system). Unlike the PC assiduity where manufacturer buy the system license f rom Microsoft, which separates the hardware and software, OS X system is solely designed by Apple with the intention to pop off perfectly with the hardware. The trackpad on the laptop is the best over other laptops. wad can use multi-touch gestures which enables them to control the laptop naturally and smoothly as they are using the iPad.And also, the system has come with many apps designed by Apple, so that those apps have uniform style with the system and great features. familiarity I have high-involvement attitude toward MacBook Air, referring to the ABC Model of Attitude. Before I got the retrieves about the product, I have got some beliefs of it, as follows 1. The logo of Apple for me has been a label of thoroughly design and user-friendly 2. I had bought iPod and iPad, so Im sure the Mac will be grounds me as the other two products do 3. A friend who also has the products told me the laptop changed his living 4.The OS X system is more fair than the Windows system 5. Po rtability is the priority because I want to take it with me everywhere, and Mac has it 6. The system has faster response and less virus threats than Windows 7. Mac has very good synergy with other Apple products, so it can work well with my iPad I evaluated those beliefs according to my value, which is, referred to textbook, a belief that some conditions is preferable to its opposite. My values are the preferences of efficiency, elegant style, and reliable performance.Those beliefs give me a feel that the laptop is worth buying, though its more expense than other laptops. And thusly the feel gives me the behavior, which is the intention to pay for that. This is a high-involvement attitude toward the product, because the choice act is very careful and comprehensive. This also yields a great brand devotion to Apple, and makes me wipe all the Windows-based laptop out from my buying list. Means-end Chain compendium Attribute-value Table Attribute Fast response Portability Elegant s tyle little virus threatsBenefit I can use it anytime I need it I can carry it with me I feel happy when I make up ones mind the beautiful thing I feel safe and less worries measure A more efficient life A comfortable life Pleasure Safety Synergy with my iPad More efficient to use my iPad and the Mac Efficiency Associative Network of Knowledge The associative network of experience starts at the laptop, which is the class-level decision, and Apples laptop is the most favorable product for me, because it has the most links with the positive end states.The laddering technique illustrates the most important end state is efficient and comfortable. Cheap Windows system Microsoft PC well-known(prenominal) Product Comfortable Laptop Good taste Elegant Apple Thin and light Portability Expensive Safe Synergy with other product Fast response Good CPU Carrying it with me SSD Efficient Advertisement In this advertisement, the MacBook Air was put on a file bag. The comparison of the Mac and the bag makes me believe the laptop can be placed into the micro bag easily.The message the ad delivers to me is very clear the product is very handy and portable. The message delivery is very efficient, because this is what I concern about. The prove let me recollect about the portability of the laptop, which is the attribute of the product, and then I would think about the benefits the portability can give me, for example I can carry it with me everywhere and I wont be tired by its weight. Last, I compared the benefits with the end values of mine, if those benefits meet the values, it yields positive attitude and feel about the product.

Economic problems in the USSR after the Second World War Essay

Neither Stalin, Khrushchev or Brezhnev successfully mete outed fundamental scotch problems which increasingly dogged the USSR after(prenominal) the Second World War How out-of-the-way(prenominal) do you agree with this statement?After the contend, the USSR was destroyed both physically and frugalalally. The challenge for Stalin because was to attempt to rebuild the USSR, particularly focusing on industry and the economy in order to ensure that Russia would remain a world superpower. By the end of Brezhnevs era however, the situation was actually different. The country had undergone a period of doldrums whereby the economy had failed to improve and arouse over his period in power. This was due to his escape of willingness to implement immature policies in preference of a period of stability. I would show that although Brezhnev achieved very little, changes were implemented under both Stalin and Khrushchev. However, these changes were often non forever overly successf ul.Stalin did attempt to breed the economic damage that the war had caused and hence try to rebuild the economy. One way in which he did this was to qualify the systems in place already in order to tackle the unseasoned problems go astir(predicate). For face, he addressed the growing complexity of the economy by creating more than economic ministries. supercharge than this at the end of 1947, he adapted Gosplan in order to make it more focused on the economy and thusly particular(a) the State Planning Commission to only planning ( therefrom transferring its preceding responsibilities to arrange the necessary supplies elsewhere). He as well as adapted where investment was distributed to after the war such as early investment after the war went to regions which had been occupied by the Germans (for example, Donets Region).Stalin also created naked policies in order to promote the economy and affix payoff, in the form of the fourth year plan. This was successful in the way that it effectively discoverd large amounts of raw materials such as coal (149 million rafts in 1945 to 261 million tons in 1950) and oil (19 million tons in 1945 to 40 million tons in 1950). He used shorter term targets for individual enterprises to meet. P Kenez utter even if we take into consideration the exaggerations built into soviet statistics, it is legato incontestible that the Stalinist methods worked, and that the speed of reconstruction was impressive. Overall the USSR managed to produce a 75% improver on the production of 1940 which shows its extensive success and because disagrees with the statement that as a leader he failed to address the economic problems faced.Although it flowerpot be suggested that Khrushchev faced less of challenge than Stalin, he still introduced new economic policies which had wide spreading effects. An example of this is introducing the minimum betroth in 1956 which guaranteed the workers an change magnitude standard of living a nd prevented exploitation.Foreign trade staggeringly increased under Khrushchev due to his extended relationship with the west. Two thirds of the exotic trade was with Comecon countries in Eastern Europe which was also beneficial for communistic relationships.Unlike under Stalin, Khrushchev successfully addressed the poor living standards and increased these considerably. Although they were still backwards in comparison to other western countries, for example in 1964, only 5 in 1,000 citizens stimulateed a cable car his policies combined with the recovery of the USSR since 1945 did mean improvements were made. Working conditions also improved with shorter on the job(p) hours, more holidays, better pensions and other social benefits.Khrushchev is often blamed for his failings in agriculture (as addressed below) but John Keep suggests that he at least kept peasant affairs at the centre of prudence for an entire decade. No other ruler had ever done so, or would do so. This is evi dence that Khrushchev did address some of the problems that the USSR were facing at the date. Filtzer also stated that that these iron outs were based on the assumption that agriculture would sop up m any more resources than he would obtain due to them organism amused to other sectors of the economy. Arguably then Khrushchev did attempt to address these issues.Brezhnevs fourth dimension in power is often described as an economic doldrums due to the adversity in economic growth at this time. However, he did introduce a limited number of new policies which had equally limited successes. He successfully addressed that Khrushchevs destructive agricultural policies should be reversed, for example in September 1965 Khrushchevs sovnarkhoz reforms of 1957 were ended. He did successfully increase foreign trade though, for example exporting oil and gold in atomed resources from Siberia and the period of dtente led to the high priority of western technologies being imported.Although th e Stalinist economic reforms successfully improved output there be also criticisms that can be raised as evidence that Stalin failed to address the economic problems. The fourth year plan is accused to have been ossified as it focused on heavy industry rather than clear consumer goods. These items were what the country really needed after it had been damaged by the war but instead industry was based on government priorities. Further than this, the emphasis was put on quantity rather than quality and therefore many of the goods produced were non of the highest quality. For example, in order for factory workers to reach their targets, they would produce more pairs of shoes of small sizes as this was quicker and had smaller production costs.Stalin also introduced a currency reform which was generally unsuccessful. It made disembodied spirit difficult for the workers as it reduced how much money was in circulation and therefore consumer products such as clothes and shoes were even scarcer than during the war. Due to the reform the black market became more active which increased corruption and crime.It is also suggested that Stalins economic indemnity was less successful towards the end of his time in power. The fifth five year plan should have begun in 1951, yet it was non drafted and approved until October 1952.Perhaps Stalins significant failure within economic policy was in agriculture. Despite the huge break of the war in production, Stalin did not focus on this policy area. kinda the peasants were treated badly and the amount of state procured grain increased to 60-70% of the harvested grain produced. Investment into agriculture also failed to be addressed. These problems lead to food shortages which push increased the problems of the black markets. Alex Nove suggests that Stalins final years were ill judged interventions of authority, unreasonable centralisation of decisions, insufficient investment and lack of adequate incentives.Khrushchev intro duced many new reforms to try to improve industry which were fairly unsuccessful. The Sovnarkhoz reforms ended up make another layer of bureaucracy and just formed an alternative competition (between regions rather that industry). The black market also grew under Khrushchev as it intervened to remunerate repressed demand.Arguably Khrushchevs biggest failures were within agriculture however. He insisted upon forming his own policies without any experts advice and then pushed them through bureaucracy rather than trialling them out to chew the fat if they would be successful. An obvious example of this is the Virgin Lands Campaign whereby land that was not suitable for crop growth was used for extra agricultural land. Although it did bonk initial success the weather conditions soon destroyed any crops that had big(a) and the campaign had to be abandoned. Many of Khrushchevs failures are attributed to him personally, especially the lack of effective planning of the reforms and the confusion which sometimes arose. Therefore he can be partly personally blamed for the failures to address the economic problems faced by the USSR.The failures seen within Brezhnevs era are not so much destructive but rather a period of stagnation whereby the economy failed to improve. Evidence of this is found in the NMP (net material product) fell from 10.2% in 1950 to 3.6% in the 1980s.It has been suggested that the leadership didnt have an accurate view of economic performance as they were not educated well in economics and GOSPLAN was inefficient at reporting findings. An example is one of the top producing factories did not in fact exist when GOSPLAN attempted to give them an award for production. In fact the factory was run on the black market.Brezhnevs defense reaction costs also affected the economy adversely. By 1980 the USSR was spending more on defence than the USA even though their economy was about one third of the sizePerhaps his largest failure was not to address t he problems with the centralised planning system where many of the economic problems initially sprung from. under(a) Stalin this was successful but by this time the economy had become ut about too complex to be centralised. Industry also failed to modernise. For example, using the policy of storming was used whereby old equipment was run non-stop until the end of the plan which damaged equipment and nasal resources. Thompson suggests that in structural terms, soviet planners by 1980 had arguably created the worlds largest and most advanced nineteenth-century economy.In conclusion, the extent to the leaders successfully addressed the economic problems in Russia was variable under the different personalities. Stalin arguably faced the biggest challenge and due to the fact he did manage to increase production to such a large extent suggests he was the most successful. Although Khrushchev did not solve all of the problems faced, and his agricultural policies caused more harm than goo d, he did attempt to address the problems that the USSR were facing. On the other hand, Brezhnevs rule did not show any improvement, and further than this he did not show any attempts to improve the problems. For this reason Brezhnev can be suggested to be the least successful.

Implementing Computer Technology in Secondary Schools Essay

In 1999, The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational skill (IEA) conducted a study on pedagogical practices of t each(prenominal)ers and educatees of elementary and inessential schoolhouses in 30 nations, and the business office of engineering science the said practices (The Second In tuneation technology in Education Study Module 2, n. d. ). It was found surface that as of 1999, 12% of elementary students and 3% of those in intermediate and secondary schools do not pass on Internet access in their schools ( computing machine Technology in Schools, 1999). such number would considerably be monumental still, if the period when the benefits of the application of computing device technology in education was implied, is interpreted into account. Computer technology for the use of students in schools started out as data processor laboratories (Lynch, 2000), which until now, is continuously evolving to becoming a tool for scholarship. That the integration of computer technology in schools is still on process, suggests that although its advantages have been persistently advocated, there be also powerful sociocultural and developmental forces that oppose its progression. gibe to Meredyth, et. al. , (1999), the shape quo in the mode of instruction slows the efforts to integrate computer technology in secondary schools. At first, the people who were against the murder of computer technology in schools argue that this would result in the replacement human instructors and making them obsolete (Richmond, n. d). As it becomes clear that the this would not necessarily become so, that is, there would unless be an evolution of role from plain instructor to facilitator, the problem with the implementation now centers on the lack of physical resources (Richmond, n. d. ) and the instructors lack of training (Lynch, 2000).This implies that the role of computer technology in the education of secondary students per se is not, today, the major con sideration in its application and the take up for a clear comment of its role is necessary to speed up decisions on whether there is unfeignedly a necessity for the addition or retention of the number of computer hardwargon in schools, or should there be in need of compulsory technical training for instructors.According to Richmond (n. d.), there are two major problems in the implementation of computer technology in education (1) the goals and purposes of implementation are unclear (2) the implementors do not fully find the trades necessary for the implementation of technology in education. These problems must be addressed first if success is wanted. Although both are important aspects of the implementation, this constitution will focus in defining the goal, purposes or role of computer technology in student achievement at the secondary school level.To understand this critical role, it is very important to know first the fundamental principle about some theories of learning and its current application to education technology. The system of Cognitive Constructivism states that learning happens by dint of the learners active efforts to assimilation fresh training imposed either by the instructor or by self-discovey (Theories of schooling, 2006). This kernel that learners must be able to relate what they learn to their reckons or visit the learning itself to be able to fully understand it. matchless example of this is driving. In order to learn to drive a vehicle, 1 must not only know that vehicles are powered by gasoline, controlled using a steering wheel, has a gas pedal to cash in ones chips forward or backward and a break pedal to stigma it stop. He or she has to experience driving to know and fully understand the significance of each theory he or she is made to know. And this experience is very important if he or she is to make sustenance-or-death decisions at one duration he or she takes the road.Computer technology, when related to lear ning may be applied in a similar way, by providing a means to simulate reality to split up the students a feel of what may or may not happen as a result of their decisions. Such is the function of simulations to instill in learners goals which are similar to reality and resultant role feelings that are similar to what may happen in real life because of the as a result of the decisions imposed by the program. A luck of simulation programs have now been developed for divergent purposes.Sim City take into accounts the learner-gamer an experience of building a city and a feel of becoming a Mayor. The learner-gamer is subconsciously taught of the importance of planning and how each decision might give a positive effect (here, in the form of increase in the citys revenue) or negative (in the form of rallies and decrease in the citys revenue). Business simulations provide learners with vicarious experience of very owning and handling investments without the need of using or losing re al money.Design programs provide the learner-designer with an idea or view of the possible perspectives or outcome of each design in mind and an opportunity to misrepresent or change it according to his or her desires even before actual realization of the design. on that point are also simulations in many different subjects like biota physics and chemistry, which can provide the learner with the opportunity to visualize the theories and manipulate situations and then see the results as would happen if the theories are applied.Simulations have been utilise for decades by the aviation and military industry and just until recently, the costs of simulations have prevented smaller institutions to avail its benefits (Boehle, n. d. ). Although, still not cheap, mass production, added to the said drastic improvement in learning retention rates (Boehle, n. d. ), simulations provide a very efficient tool for learning. There is a 75-80% boost in learning retention rate for students in simula tions (Boehle, n. d. )Social Constructivism believes that knowledge is socially constructed, that is, retention of information is achieved through group efforts (Theories of Learning, 2006). This is learning with otherwises and through others input and ideas conjoined with ones own. This theory emphasizes the importance of others opinion usually for the purpose of the improvement of the said work. utilise to computer technology in its role in secondary education, this allows for fundamental interaction among many different people, not limited to those in classroom only also stretches to people in different time zones.This allows for assimilation of new and varied ideas from different people from different places who usually have different ideas about different issues, strengthening ones reasoning and improving ones knowledge about many different areas and at the same time improving ones social skill. The around usual form of technology which applies the Social Constructivism th eory is forums. A lot of forums can be found in the internet, all areas of knowledge with its own arts, sciences, mathematics, and philosophy.The Theory of behaviourism believes that knowledge is a repertoire of behavioral responses to environmental stimuli (Theories of Learning, 2006). According to this theory, learning happens through repetition and reinforcement, usually with the instructor speaking and the learner, listening. This learning theory is opposite of Cognitive Constructivism in that learners gain knowledge passively. This is the most common type of instructional mode used in schools.Still, this instructional mode can also be applied to computer technology. Tutorials in cds are now widely available in the market. These products simulate what and how teachers teach in an actual class, explaining concepts with voice recordings combined with piteous pictures for visualization. It also comes with practice exercises much like what teachers would give to their students to evaluate the students learning. The only difference is that, these products can be used by the student alone, even at home.

Good Times or Bad Essay

The issue of puritanical leadership, which is characterized by an enduring listing to selfishness, wrong intentions, and self-deceit, is a potentialityly harmful phenomenon to caper organizations. This is because leaders who bring out such(prenominal) attributes usually have negative effects on the business organizations which they lead (Dubrin, 2009). Organizational performance is thus reduced or wholly stalled. Owing to this phenomenon, the genesis of such downhearted leadership is an important comity for modern business organizations.On the one hand, some commentators argue that unilluminated leadership requires crisis situations to evolve. On the other hand, other people hold that such dark leadership can even develop in comparatively good brotherly and economic conditions. A c arful scrutiny notwithstanding indicates that dark leadership does not necessarily require crises to emerge, rather built-in human imperfections make it arise on comparatively pleasant social a nd economic situations.For example, bearing in mind that one of the causative concomitantors for dark leadership is sympathys negative trait of selfishness, the concept that crisis situations effect dark leadership is effectively eliminated (Khoo & Burch, 2008). It thus follows that humans ar naturally selfish, a situation that leads to them depicting dark leadership qualities. In addition, dark readership attributes can emanate from the leaders self-deception and wrong intentions, a fact that excludes the issue of unpleasant social and economic conditions.According to this argument, human beings are depicted to have the natural habit of deceiving themselves be aligns having wrong intentions (Sankar, 2003). In conclusion, dark leadership is an important concept in business organizations because it has the potential of ruining business performance. The factors that make leaders exhibit dark traits are even so debatable. Some people cite crises while others point to humanitys in herent negative qualities. A proper examination however demonstrates that humanitys negative traits, such as selfishness, having mistaken intentions, and self-deception lead to dark leadership.References Dubrin, A. J. (2009). Leadership Research findings, practice, and skills. Woodbridge, CT Cengage Learning. Khoo, H. S. & Burch, G. S. T. (2008). The dark side of leadership personality and transformational leadership An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 44 (1), 86-97. Sankar, Y. (2003). Character not charisma is the critical measure of leadership excellence. diary of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9 (4), 45-55.

Bill Rights

The Theory that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the cadence of Rights established the prat for the Warren speak tos brutal procedure revolution. The U. S. Supreme Court has incorporated many of the justifications and prohibitions in the Bill of Rights. These bulwarks are available to savage offenders. In this paper, I will discuss which protections do not kick in to the domains. And the differences between the two rectitudes adjective and substantive. As you continue on geting, you get along about, which protection is considered procedural and substantive.The protection against ex post facto laws means that the demesne seatnot pass a law after a person has affiliated a crime and then prosecute the person for the first crime. You squeeze out only be prosecuted under the laws that in effect at the time of the crime. The protection against Bills of attainder prevents the State from passing a law meant to penalize a certain person without judicial routine. The fo urth Amendment provides general protection against arbitrary search and seizure of person(s) and property. However, there are many exceptions to the Fourth Amendment that includes a warrant.It still, does not provide broad protection of the general ordinary from inappropriate police conduct. The Fifth Amendment provides a handful amount of protection. The protection against double jeopardy (which means being tried more than erstwhile for the same offense) comes from this amendment. The right-hand(a) to remain silent came from a defendants Fifth Amendment right not to be compelled to be witness against himself. This Amendment provides a broad right to due member of law. The to the highest degree important Amendment is the Sixth.This Amendment gives criminal defendants the right to assistance of counsel, the right to compel witnesses to appear at trial, the right to cross-examine witnesses at trial, the right to trial by jury, and the right to be conscious of the nature of charg es that have been filed against them. The right to speedy a trial allows the defendants trial to be waived and prevents the state from incarcerating a defendant. Procedural law comprises the focalize of rules that govern the proceedings of the court in criminal lawsuits as well as civil and administrative proceedings.The court needs to align to standards setup by procedural law, during proceedings. These rules ensure fair practice and symmetry in the due process. Substantive law is a statutory law that deals with the legal relationship between great deal or the people and the state. Therefore, substantive law defines the rights and duties of the people, but procedural law lays down the rules with the stand by of which they are enforced (Procedural Law vs. Substantive Law, 2013). Procedural law is exactly what the name implies. It sets out the procedure for how a criminal case would proceed.Every state has their own set of procedures which is usually written in a set of rules c alled a code of criminal procedure. Substantive law deals with the depicted object of your charges. Every charge is comprised of elements. Elements are the specific acts needed to complete a crime. This law requires that the prosecutor prove every element of the crime in order for someone to be convicted of the crime. I believe that the Fourth Amendment is procedural because it takes procedures to be able to search and seizure a person(s) and their property.You just cant go in and search with a case and a warrant. To obtain a warrant you have to have a reason and steps to receive it. The Fifth Amendment is substantive because it deals with the structure and facts of the case. It defines the rights and duties of the defendant. The Sixth Amendment has the most procedural rights. It enable the right to a speedy a trial, simple jury, informed of nature and cause of accusation, confront opposing witnesses compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses and right to counsel. In co nclusion, the U. S.Supreme Court has, through the due process clause of the 14th Amendment, incorporated many of the protections and prohibitions contains in the Bill of Rights. time reading this paper, you now know the protections that are available to criminal offenders through the bill of rights that do not currently apply to the states. You also read about the differences between procedural and substantive protections for the criminal offenders in the Bill of Rights. Included in this paper, you read about which protections were procedural and substantive in the Bill of Rights.

New World Order: Impacts in Terms on Global Cooperation

As the dusty War between US and USSR reached to an break, the world witnessed a shift from isobi after contenddsal to unilat successionl genius of power. In 1991, President scrubbing inoculated the conceit of refreshful bena range which aimed to increase the planetary quislingism, collective hostage, orbicularization, interdependence, berth and act of commonplace goals. All the impacts of invigorated innovation golf-club directly or indirectly left their marks on the nature of cooperation among nations. This paper, after compactly introducing the concept of virgin solid ground evidence in general, aims to discuss the furnish Administrations version of saucy orb high society.The paper discusses the impacts of in the altogether orb Orders implementation in terms of cooperation among the rural beas and later discusses its negative corollaries. After providing a critique of the open uped viewpoints about the impacts of unfermented instauration Order, the paper ends by drawing a conclusion in favour of the refer system as the only viable resolving if transnationalistic peace and security is to be achieved. Introduction Although in the altogether cosmos Order is non a novel concept, it is often misinterpreted as angiotensin converting enzyme. It is largely because of various transformational phases the system has gone through ever since its inoculation.However, differences among its versions have existed. These differences ar more evident due to the changing circumstances in which these versions were established. As the New domain of a function Order aimed to provide amelioration in the preponderant system, its guiding principles have varied from time to time. Giddens believes that the direct corollaries of these changes appear in the shape of forces corresponding globalization, individualism and political agency etc (Pillay & Elliot, 2001, p. 8&9). for state of contendd analyzing the implications of New earthly co ncern Order in terms of cooperation across the world, it is mandatary to create a sufficient agreement of the concept.New realism Order is an view concept that attempts to create a better world. Therefore its contents may vary from time to time based on the situation and the nature of paradigm shift required. New demesne Order and the United States In the history of the United States, the term New World Order was prototypic introduced by Woodrow Wilson after the World War I. Marked by bringing close togetherlism, the concept did no prevail long. After the World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to establish the concept by qualification possible increasing agency of international bodies desire United Nations for the attainment of peace which never reached pragmatism.Both these versions of New World Order remained transient up until 1991 when President George H. W. Bush introduced the term at the time of Gulf War which marked the characteristics of post cold war era. Bushs idea behind unfermented world localize intromit the abandonment of onset against nations, collective security to guard against the aggression and increases collaboration of nations to meet such peace creating goals (Miller and Yetiv 56). Before 1991, the New World Order only existed as an abstract concept.President Bush perpetuated it in the international politics (Yovanovish 3) which was practic every(prenominal)y implemented in sideslip of the Iraqs war with Kuwait. Concept of New World Order in the Light of Bush Administration What Bush Administration implied by New World Order was fairly divergent from the preceding concepts addresses by the other US presidents. In a nut shell, the major components of President Bushs New World Order fag end be reckoned in the following invite out from his speech, a new era- issuer from the holy terror of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more prepare in the quest for peace. An era in which consequentlyations of the world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and live in harmony a world where the prevail of law supplants the rein in of the jungle where the strong respect the rights of the weak (Miller and Yetiv 56). The concerned statement passed in 1991 provide an unequivocal agenda of New World Order that included peace creation, global prosperity and a rule of law to control the world. The other aspects introduced by President George H. W. Bush included interdepence, collective security, collective action, international authorities and globalization etc. overbearing Impacts of New World Order in Terms of internationalist CooperationThe New World Order has played dual role in take the phase of transformation. On a positive side, governing body of this ordination and the end of cold war removed the threat of nuclear havoc. Similarly, the state governments shifted to a mutual problem solving approach as a return of increasing dependency arriving from globalization. Such coroll aries are evident in events like General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and North American withdraw Trade Agreement etc (Hauss 2&3). Interdependence The end of cold war and the collapse of Soviet Union led to a unipolar purlieu in the world politics.As the balance of power disturbed , the New World Order inoculated a system of interdependence providing equal opportunities for either the states by advocating the dependence of nations on one another. Related to interdependence is the preference of common interests to state interests that was addressed by the new system (Kessler 53). Therefore, the New World Order suppressed national sovereignty in favour of international authority. Cooperation To increase interdependence and through the work of international bodies, the concept of bare Trade emerged as a product of New World Order.With the lifting of backing barriers as a result of Free Trade policy, increasing go down of technology across b tells, individuals from different cou ntries are crossing their borders to enter into the other countries to hunt for opportunities and are constantly organism exposed to the foreign cultures and issues. This curl has started diminishing the borders between nations in that locationby threatening the concept of statehood. As a result greater frugal and social interdependence seem to require national decision-making thereby making the concept of state obsolete (Bertucci & Alberti, p.9). However, the on the whole process served to achieve an important goal of New World Order which was to increase cooperation between the nations. On social grounds, the emergence of English address as a lingua franca is largely a corollary of the New World Order. Although widely criticised to have caused languages deaths, the very transformation has brought an aspect of cooperation among the contemporary nations by providing a akin medium of communication thereby enhancing better understanding (Bandura 6). International BodiesAs the i nterdependence among nations increase and the international bodies were given higher levels of authority, the New World Order triggered a transformation in the role of state in terms of sovereignty. The states in post cold war era experienced debilitating sovereignty as it is supplanted by the international authority of the bodies like United Nations. In terms of cooperation, this shift provided better chances of cooperation by providing a rule of law and peace keeping environment for all the nations.Implementing a just supreme authority like UN above all the nations was aimed to motivate the nations in thinking globally rather than locally. The increasing role of United Nations in the New World Order was also because in the preceding times of cold war, the authority of UN remained nearly impossible because of the foreign super powers of US and USSR. Empowering such international bodies by New World Order was aimed to protect the interests of both the strong and weak nations alike in order to maintain justice for peace and cooperation.The very fact was accentuated by Former UN Secretary-General Sir Brian Urquhart who said, It is no longer acceptable that international action is taken only when a situation threatens the interests of the most powerful nations. (Holmes). Such International bodies are of varied types. One such example in scotch world is that of World Trade Organization. World interchange organization as a key instrument of New World Order has been victimization uniform trade policies for all the nations participating in the international sparing trade. The developing countries are rising as a result of free trade.For the very reason the share of developing countries in global trade market increased. Consequently, on economic grounds the stronger states like US are as much dependent on the relatively weaker nations as they are on the former. Collective Security To ensure collective security, the New World Order proposed a rule of law. It also led to the UN resolution that nix invasions as a way of practicing aggression against other nations. In order to make possible this collective security and maintain absence of invasions, US used force against Iraq to withdraw its forces from Kuwait.The very concept of collective security led to the UN forces to aid the weaker nations during the times of war. Although providing a great scope of amelioration, the New World Order also implies certain threats arising due to the increased collaboration and globalization. Such threats include the transcendence of national boundaries, increased nuclear proliferation and the intermingled and inborn nature of problems facing the world etc (Hauss 5). Globalization As perceived by Waters, If globalization in its most complete sense takes effect then the nation-state will be its chief victim (Shaneland). With the positive picture of new world order to have catalyzed the process of globalization, authors like John Mc Murtry also throw light o n the hidden threats of such seemingly favourable changes. The author goes on to consider new world order a global coup detat which encourages oligopolistic trade in the adduce of international free market (Gordana 23). correspond to the paper Is there a future for the nation-state in an era of globalisation? If so, what future? provided by Shaneland, there are three basic challenges that the nations are to face as a result of global development shaped by rapid globalization.These include (a) a reduced ability of the state to exert influence on its economy in the times when economic transactions are increasingly taking place on a global level which is intimately due to the trend of free trade (b) an augmentation of trans-national bodies. These bodies are political (for obiter dictum the UN), economic (like NAFTA), a combination of the two (like the EU) and even the Non Governmental Organizations and (c) the establishment of global ruling organizations.Often termed as the super -national and sub-national centres of power, they include bodies like United Nations. The same author believes that in such a scenario the role of state has shifted from being the primary unit of international relations to being a supplier of public goods and infrastructure to global businesses. International Bodies Many analysts propose the populace of a global authorities leads to the process of ruling the nations by peeping in the state affairs. The instruments of such a global authority are considered to be the present worlds organizations.This means that at one slew the states are losing their role within their territories and at the other hand they are not having a considerable role in the global community (Shaneland). Nuclear Proliferation Increased cooperation and ties between nations have resulted in increased nuclear proliferation. Previously held by only a single state, many an(prenominal) of the contemporary states are now armed with nuclear weapons which pose a con stant threat to the world peace and security. A war raged in such a scenario would lead to massive destruction. New World Order A CritiqueMany aspects of the New World Order are criticized for their contrary hidden implications. Joseph Nye argues that the interdependence suggested by New World Order is multilevel in nature. By the term multilevel interdependence, Nye suggests the idea of multiple degrees in terms of distribution of power where one layer may have bipolar structure while the other sustains a unipolar structure. The most crucial of this layer is that of military power which is intelligibly unipolar in favour of the US. The second is the economic layer which although tripolar lull has US as a major sharer.In fact it is only the three and last layer of interdependence that shows lack of concentrated power in favour of any strong country like US (Kessler 54). According to Marguerite K. Rivage-Seul and D. Michael Rivage-Seul, the New World Order is in itself a threat to the poor states and thus a strategy used by the stronger nations like US. This might result in a third world war against the weaker nations (1). Such an assumption is based on the increasing vulnerability of weaker nations as a result of international authority.For instance, to survive in the global economic competition, the weaker nations require larger investments than they can afford. Loans from organizations like International Monitory stock increase the vulnerability of such nations. Such a threat is not faced by the stronger nations. Conclusion Every phenomenon has its differential dimensions. So is the case with the new world order. However, the importance of it in terms of increasing interdependence and cooperation cannot be denied.As an alternate course of action, if the New World Order is to be replaced, the success of the system would require benignity which in turn demands an free ordinary amount of change on the part of the human (Hauss 4). To hold out in such an idea of change would rather be utopianism than rationalism. In short, the merits of New World Order greatly supersede its demerits thereby making it the most viable international system for the cooperation and peace creation among the nations in the contemporary world. Works Cited Bandura, Abdul Karim. Accelerated Language Deaths in the DevelopingWorld A importee of the New World Order. Oct. 1997. Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). genus Capella University Library, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 11 Apr. 2009 Bertucci, Guido, and Adriana Alberti. Globalization and the Role of the State Challenges and Perspectives. United Nations. 11 Apr. 2009, Hauss, Charles. beyond Confrontation Transforming the New World Order.Westport, CT Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Holmes, Kim R. New World Disorder A Critique of the United Nations. Journal of International personal business 46. 2 (1993) 323-340 Is there a future for the nation-state in an era of globalisation? If so, what futu re? Shane Martin Coughlan. 11 Apr. 2009 Kessler, Bart R. Bushs New World Order The Meaning Behind the Words. Mar. 1997. Air Command and Staff College, airforce Air University, Montgomery, Alabama. 11 Apr. 2009